| Year | definition | source |
|---|---|---|
| 2007 | "The effect of a test on learning and teaching. Washback studies focus on practices or behaviour that would not be present if it were not for the test." | Fulcher, Glen and Davidson, Fred (2007, p.377) |
| source | |
|---|---|
| backwash | Fulcher, Glen and Davidson, Fred (2007, p.377) |